股票市場風險外文

A. 股票市場的風險

股市的風險，就是買入股票後在預定的時間內不能以不低於買入價將股票賣出，以致發生套牢，且套牢後的股價收益率(每股稅後利潤/買入股價)達不到同期銀行儲蓄利率的可能性。

根據預定投資時間的長短，股市的風險又可分為短期風險和長期風險。對於短期投資者或投機者來講，其收益就是股票的價差，股市風險就集中體現在股票的價格上，即風險發

生的後果是不能將股票以不低於買價拋出，從而使資金被套。而對於長期投資者而言，股票的收益雖然有時以價差的形式表現出來，但更經常地還是體現在股票的紅利及上市公司凈資產的增值兩方面，所以長期投資的風險決定於股票是否具有投資價值。

由於股票的價格始終都在變化，股市的風險就處於動態之中。當價格相對較高時，套牢的可能性就大一些，股價收益率要低一些，其風險就大一些；而當股票價格處於較低水平時，套牢的可能性就小一些，股價收益率要高一些，其風險就小得多。所以股票的風險隨著股價的上升而增大，隨著股價的下降而逐漸釋放

中國的股票市場由於起步晚，發展快，股票市場的方方面面未免存在形形色色的問題。同歐美成熟的股市相比，中國股票市場除了具有國際股票市場所固有的風險因素外，還摻雜著一定的人為風險因素。

B. 急求！一篇關於股票價值投資或投資風險方面的外文文獻翻譯！要中英文對照的，中文3000字以上外文10000字元

追加多少？

C. 什麼叫股票市場風險

證券市場瞬息萬變，直接影響供求關系，包括政治局勢動盪、貨幣供應緊縮、政府幹預金融市場，投資大眾心理波動以及大投機者興風作浪等，都可以使證券市場掀起軒然大波。就拿上海股市來說，1991年6月前疲跌不振，持股人眼看自己手中的股票價值不但沒有增加，股票反而跌進票面以下，對股市毫無興趣，泄氣之至；擁有資金者面對行情持續處於跌勢，也不願貿然進場，造成進出均少，盡管上市股票不過區區幾千萬元，仍是供過於求。7月以後，在外地投資者的影響下，加之浦東開發等重大項目的興奮作用，上海股市大振，大眾心理起了根本變化，幾千萬元股票變得大大供不應求。對這樣畸冷畸熱的股市，可以說絕大多數人都在意料之外，因為其中有許多無法預測的偶然因素。換言之，投資者若在6月投資股市，盡管價格很低，卻會碰到許多難以意料的風險，正因為風險大，獲利機會也高。6月投資的人，到10月，股價就翻了兩番。

D. 股票籌資風險的英文摘要

The issue market is refers to has the stock from the plan to the sales entire process, the issue market is the call for fund obtains the fund directly the market. the new company's being established, the old company increases funding or offers loans, must through the issue market, probably draw support in has, the sales stock raising fund, causes the fund to enter in the demand hand from the supplier in the relay, is also transforms the deposit as the investment, thus creates the new actual assets and the monetary assets, increases the social total capital and proctivity, promotes the social economy development, this is the basic-level market function.

1. issue market characteristic: First, not fixed place, may in the Investment bank, the Trust investment company and the negotiable securities company and so on place the occurrence, may also in the market the opening offer new stock; Two do not have the unification occurrence time, according to own needs to move toward by the stock publisher with the market quotation decided voluntarily when distributes.

2. has the market constitution: Has the market to be composed of three main body factor interconnection. These three are the stock publisher, the stock credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas and the stock investor. the publisher's stock issue scale and investor's actual investment ability, is deciding the issue market stock capacity and the developed degree; At the same time, to guarantee that has business's smooth advance, causes to have and the investors can realize own goal smoothly, acts as a purchasing agent and has exclusive selling rights the stock intermediary issue market, issues on another's behalf the traveler outstanding share, and charges the proceral fee to the publisher. Thus, the issue market take the credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas as a center, a relation publisher, a relation investor, positively in development stock issue.

3. stock issue way: Under the various countries' different politics, the economy, the social conditions, specially the monetary system and the money market management's difference causes the stock the release way is also many and varied; According to the different taxonomic approach, may summarize as follows
(1) public release does not come together with public release this according to the release object divides. The public release calls male solicits, is refers to does not have the specific release object beforehand, sells the stock publicly to the social general investors the way. selects this method, may expand shareholder's scope, the dispersion owns stocks, prevents to store up the stock or to operate by the small number of people, is advantageous in enhances company's sociality and the popularity, will be later collects more funds to build the foundation. increases the stock the merchantability and the conctivity. The public release may use the method which Joint-stock company sell directly, may also pay certain release expense to adopt the financial Facilitating agency proxy.
The public release is refers to the publisher only to the specific release object sales promotion stock way. Usually uses in two kind of situations: one is the shareholder share matching, also calls the shareholder to share, namely the Joint-stock company assigns this company's new stock subscriber power according to the stock face value to the original shareholder, mobilizes the shareholder to subscribe. This kind of new stock issue price often is lower than the market price, in fact becomes to shareholder's one kind gives favored treatment, generally the shareholders are glad to the subscriber. if some shareholders are not willing to subscribe, he may give up the new stock subscriber power automatically, may also transfer this kind of subscriber power other people, thus has formed the subscriber power transaction. two are the personal share matchings, also calls the third party to share, namely the Joint-stock company sells outside the shareholder the new stock minute this company staff, the intercourse customer and so on to have with the company the special relationship third party. selects this method often to stem from two kind of considerations: First, to press the preferential price to share the new stock for specific, shows to look after; Second, when the new stock issue encounters the difficulty, shares to the third party supports in order to, regardless of being the shareholder or personal sells on ration, because the release object is decides, therefore, does not need through male to solicit the way, not only this may save the request Facilitating agency's handling charge, reces the cost of capital, but may also transfer the shareholder and the internal enthusiasm, item solid and development company's public relation. But the shortcoming is this kind of public release stock fluidity is bad, cannot publicize in the market transfers the sell, will also rece Joint-stock company's sociality and the popularity, will also exist is offered a very low price with the holding danger.

(2) direct release and distributes this is indirectly sells the sell stock according to the publisher the way not to come together divides. The direct release calls the direct stock offering. Is refers to Joint-stock company to undertake stock issue all business and the release risk, sells the sell stock directly to the subscriber the way. when selects the direct release method, requests the publisher to be familiar with the stock offering procere, the familiar stock offering technology and meets certain requirement. When if the amount of subscription cannot achieve the plan stock offering volume, the newly built Joint-stock company's initiators or the existing Joint-stock company's board of directors must subscribe the stock which sells. , is only therefore suitable in has decides the release object or the release risk are few, proceral simple stock. Generally, because public release's stock or the public release has the difficulty (for example prestige low result's market competitiveness difference, could not bear large quantity release expense and so on) the stock; Perhaps the strength is abundant, has confidence realizes large amount private solicits saves release expense the great Joint-stock company stock, only then uses the direct release the way. the indirect release calls the indirect stock offering, is refers to the publisher to entrust the securities issue Facilitating agency to sell the stock the way. These Facilitating agencies take the stock the sales promotion, handles all release business, undertakes certain release risk and withdraws the corresponding income.
The stock indirect release has 3 methods: one is sells goods for the state, is also called the proxy stock offering, the sales promotion is only responsible according to publisher's condition sales promotion stock, the proxy stock offering service, but does not undertake any release risk, sells how many in the stipulated time internal energy to calculate how many, expires still could not sell the stock to return for the publisher. Because distributes the risk and the responsibility completely undertakes by the publisher, the securities issue Facilitating agency is only is entrusted to replace the sales promotion, therefore, the selling goods for the state handling charge is low. two are sells on consignment, also said that Yu Gu acts as a purchasing agent, the stock publisher and the securities issue Facilitating agency signs the sales promotion contract to stipulate explicitly, in stipulated time, if the Facilitating agency actual sales promotion's result has not been able to achieve the contract provision the release amount, its differential part acts as a purchasing agent down by Facilitating agency. This kind of release method's characteristic is can guarantee that completes the stock issue specified amount, generally gains publisher's popularity, but because the Facilitating agency must undertake certain release risk, therefore sells on consignment the handling charge which the expense is higher than sells goods for the state. three are has exclusive selling rights, also the name buys up the stock offering, when distributes the new stock, the securities issue Facilitating agency disposable to buy completely first with own fund is going the public release stock, then sells graally again according to the market quotation, the Facilitating agency earns business price difference. If has the unsalable stock, the Facilitating agency sells at reced price or has, because the publisher may obtain fast plans the fund completely, but the sales promotion wants to undertake the release risk completely, therefore, has exclusive selling rights the expense to be higher than sells goods for the state spends and sells on consignment the expense. when stock indirect release actually uses which one method, the publisher and the sales promotion consideration angle is different, needs both sides to consult the determination. In general, the publisher mainly considered that he in the market prestige, the expenses time, the cost of capital and to sells the trust degree; The sales promotion main consideration undertakes the risk and can obtain income.

3) paid increases funding, free increases funding with matching increases funding this is defers to the investor subscribes time the stock whether pays the payment for shares to divide. Paid increases funding is refers to the subscriber to according to the stock some kind of issue price payment cash, Fang Neng obtain the stock one release way. the general public release's stock and private solicits the way which the shareholder share matching, the personal share matching use paid increase funding, uses this way outstanding share, may collect the capital stock directly from the outside, increases Joint-stock company's capital in cash. free increases funding, is refers to the subscriber not to need to pay the cash to the Joint-stock company to be possible to obtain the stock the release way, the release object is only restricted in the original shareholder, uses this way release the stock, cannot collect the capital stock directly from the outside management, but is depends upon the rection Joint-stock company's common reserve fund or the earnings balance increases the capital in cash, the release way which generally only when the stock distributes dividends draws bonus, the stock split-up and the legal common reserve fund or the earnings extension make capital share matching uses free increases funding, the new stock free issue for the original shareholder, its goal is mainly in proportion divides for the shareholder the profit, heightens the shareholder confidence and the company prestige or to adjust the capital structure. because the free release must receive the sources of fund the limit, therefore, cannot use this way outstanding share frequently. Matching increases funding, is refers to the Joint-stock company when shares the new stock to the original shareholder, only lets the shareholder pay the issue price a part to be possible to obtain certain amount stock the way, for example the shareholder subscribes the currency value is 100 Yuan stocks, only needed the branch society 50 Yuan to be possible, other parts of free releases, arrived sufficiently by company's common reserve fund. This release way is also to the original shareholder's one kind of preferential benefit, can only collect the partial payment for shares again from their there, realizes the company to increase funding very quickly the plan.

The above these stock issue way, has the advantages and the condition restraint respectively, the Joint-stock company when the outstanding share, may select some method, may also concurrently pick several ways, various companies are embark from own actual situation, selects according to qualification. Presently, various countries use most are many, the most universal way are public and the indirect release

E. 股指期貨風險與防範 英文文獻

這家股指期貨開戶，按現在的市場，每次交易只需要20元左右的費用

F. 股市有風險 投資需慎重 用英文怎麼譯

你好,翻譯如下,希望能夠讓你滿意!

The stock has risk,so you should be caution when invest.

G. 股市有風險，入市需謹慎 英文專業翻譯

investment has certain risks, be wised with your decision.

there is the risk of stock market, investment should be cautious.

H. 關於中國股市制度缺陷及糾正的外文文獻

這方面我基本上是空白，所以找了一下，看看能能否幫上你，二、中國股票市場存在的問題
市場經濟需要經濟自由、明確的財產權和保護產權的法律條件。在提供市場經濟的基礎條件方面，政府有著巨大的規模優勢。但是這種優勢只是理論上的。事實表明，政府與其說建設性地提供了這些基礎條件，倒不如說常常破壞性地摧毀市場經濟的基礎條件。中國股票市場一直沒有解決好政府與市場的關系問題。
1、經濟自由受到限制。中國股票市場上的股票發行方式行政色彩十分明顯，政府對股票發行實行了額度限制，上市指標成為稀缺「資源」。這使得擬上市公司向地方政府及主管部門爭取額度，地方政府和主管部門向國家證券管理部門爭取額度的行為愈演愈烈。政府對上市公司挑選程序的過深介入與市場經濟原則相背，因為政府挑選所採用的是一套行政機制，其核心是運用行政關系來推薦，缺乏市場選擇的效率，容易產生尋租腐敗。許多企業上市後把股票市場當作「提款機」，而沒有通過資本市場上的運作來解決企業亟待解決的問題，如轉換經營機制，建立良好的公司治理結構，優化資源配置和進行產業調整，反而使企業因缺乏有效的股東制衡機制和合理的股權結構而出現質量滑坡，許多公司在上市不久即告業績下降甚至虧損。
當上市公司不能正常經營時，政府又對上市公司資產重組和退市進行干預。中國股票市場一直沒有形成一種有效的退市制度。在連續虧損上市公司數量不斷增多的情況下，證券管理部門推出了ST、PT制度作為退市制度的過渡。由於對公司市場准入的控制，上市公司的「殼」成為稀缺資源，成為市場上兼並、收購和重組的首選對象。在發達國家，股票市場上上市公司的兼並、收購和重組完全是一種以市場為基礎的純企業行為，政府很少會介入到這一活動中去。而在我國，上市公司中國有股占據控制地位的產權結構特徵和資本市場以為國有企業籌集資金和「解困」為目的的定位，決定了政府必然是上市公司資產重組的內在構成要素。政府在介入關系公司資本結構變化與經營戰略調整的資產重組時，不可避免地會有行政管理者的色彩，很難將其所有者權能與社會管理者權能做出清晰地界定。同時，作為資產所有者，政府在重組中追求利益最大化的行為是市場化財產屬性所要求的結果，但它在行使其社會權能時，其行為更主要的是一種行政行為。角色的雙重性，導致政府在上市公司重組中的行為常出現市場化與行政化的混淆。
2、中國上市公司沒有形成明晰的產權。中國股票市場是官辦的，設立之初就是為國有企業解困、卸包袱的。因此，在現有的上市公司中超過60％的是從國有企業轉制而來的。全民所有權本身是一種不明確的所有權關系，全民所有權雖然在靜態意義上是明確的，但其收益與損失由誰負責卻不甚清楚。
公司治理是在產權諸項權能的基礎上形成的，合理的產權制度安排是有效公司治理的必要前提。在國有股控股的公司中，由於國有股的有效持有主體缺位，致使國有產權虛置，沒有形成人格化的產權主體，股東對企業的監控機制難以建立。這種制度缺陷容易衍生經營者道德風險，產生「內部人」控制。國有股東對公司的控制在產權上趨於超弱控制，在行政上則趨於超強控制。經理人員與政府博弈的結果是一部分經理人利用政府產權上的超弱控制形成對企業的內部控制，同時又利用行政上的超強控制轉嫁經營風險，將經濟性虧損推諉為體制性因素。
股權分置的制度安排也導致了公司外部治理機制不能正常運轉。正常情況下，股票在市場流通所表現的估價是對上市公司經營管理水平的直接反映，流通股比例越高，通過證券市場監督上市公司經營狀況的力度就越強。若公司業績差，投資者就會拋售股票，股價下跌，從而為收購者創造出收購機會，而一旦收購成功，被收購公司的原有經營管理者將處於十分不利的境地。因此，提升企業經營管理水平與經營業績來防止公司被惡意收購，就成為上市公司經營者恪盡職守、勤勉盡責的外在壓力與約束。但是在國有股不流通情況下，上述市場壓力傳導機制對經營者的作用非常有限。
3、缺乏完善的法制。資本市場正常有效運行的一個重要前提是必須有一套反映市場經濟本質要求和資本市場內在規律的完善的法律制度和健全的法律體系。但在我國這樣一套法律制度和法律體系還遠沒有建立起來。
在立法方面，調節資本運行的《公司法》和《證券法》都帶有比較明顯的制度缺陷。目前正在實施的《公司法》是從20世紀80年代後期開始制定，於1994年7月1日正式實施的。在制定《公司法》時，由於社會主義市場經濟理論還未正式確定，資本、資本市場和資本機制等都還未取得合法地位，人們對股票、股票市場和股份公司的地位和作用在認識上比較膚淺，在這種背景下制訂的《公司法》與現實越來越不適應。正在實施的《證券法》是在亞洲金融危機期間出台的，為有效防範風險，有些內容規定較嚴，已經不能滿足證券市場的發展需要，其中在混業經營，股指期貨、社保資金入市，加入WTO後的證券市場發展以及證券監管機構執法許可權等方面都亟須進一步改進。「法不好依」成為我國證券市場運行中的一個突出問題。
在執法方面，證監會是中國證券市場主要的執法機關，由於隸屬國務院具有行政管理職能，所以具有行政機關的色彩。證監會的監管很多時候是為了調控市場的價格和指數，缺乏預期性和一致性；執法過程中查處侵害投資者利益案件比較少，查處違反市場管理政策性法律案件比較多。在執法過程中存在不公平、不及時、不透明，缺乏連貫性，縱容違法行為，監管機構內部人員違法犯罪等問題。
在司法方面，存在重行政輕刑事、民事責任的問題，缺少民事賠償制度等。
三、中國股票市場制度的變革
基於上述分析，中國股票市場要成長為一個集融資、投資、資源配置功能於一體的成熟市場，必須進行基礎制度的變革，走市場化、法制化、國際化的道路。
1、市場化改革。按市場原則決定誰有權進入股票市場，明確監管范圍和責任，強化政府依法對股票市場進行監管，從各個方面放鬆政府管制，疏通股票市場的進出通道，實現發行上市和投資完全由市場來選擇，建立和完善退市機制。同時實行股票全流通，股權多樣化，大力發展產權交易市場，建立一個包括創業板市場、主板市場和場外交易市場的多層次市場體系，適時推出股票指數期貨、國債期貨等國外比較成熟，國內已初步具備條件的新型交易工具，積極探索期權、賣空機制、做市商制度、市價單與止損單等新型交易模式。
2、法制化改革。在立法方面：確立正確的立法指導思想，對《證券法》、《公司法》進行修改，使其具有前瞻性和可操作性；加強《證券法》、《公司法》的商事性，使其不僅僅是一部管理法；制訂頒布新的法律，完善現有的法律體系，如《投資者權益保護法》、《兼並與收購法》；修改《證券法》、《刑法》，使兩法對證券犯罪規定相互一致，相互銜接；增加《證券法》中有關欺詐民事責任的規定；修改《證券法》，增加對中國證監會司法審查的規定，推動中國證監會依法行政。
執法方面：形成科學的執法方式，避免證監會階段性查處一批違法案件的「運動式」監管，形成經常性監管，日常性監管和事件監管相結合，動態監管與靜態監管相呼應的監管方式；查處證券欺詐行為，保護投資者利益；證監會加強自律。
司法方面：法院以積極的態度對待投資者，對為了維護合法權益而對證券欺詐行為提起的訴訟，不得以沒有法律依據為由拒絕審理。
3、國際化改革。我們的市場規則、行為模式要和國際的最佳規則、最佳模式接軌，按照WTO的協議開放證券服務業。中長期應該實現股票市場，包括二級市場雙向自由開放，讓國外的藍籌股在上海的證券交易所自由上市，交叉掛牌。適時修改法規，允許存托憑證的實施，國內基金、國外資本的自由出入。■ 全科論文中心http://www.issncn.net 全科論文中心http://www.issncn.net